Since 19 December 2018, protests began across Sudan calling for the downfall of Sudanese President Omar Al Bashir and his regime, the National Congress Party (NCP). Thousands of protesters took to the streets chanting, ‘Tasgut Bas!’, telling Al Bashir, ‘Just fall, that is all!’
National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) responded to protests with live ammunition, rubber bullets and tear gas. Firstly and commonly, NISS attempts to disperse protests by using tear gas then begins shooting either rubber bullets or live ammunition at protesters.
The total numbers of deaths since the protests began on 19 December 2018 is ambiguous. According to the Human Rights Watch (HRW), at least 47 were killed in clashes with riot police. Sudanese officials say at least 26 people have died whereas rights groups say more than 40 have been killed. Most casualties were a result of gunshot wounds. Several injuries have resulted from tear gas, which Sudanese refer to as ‘bomban‘ ‘بمبان‘. Although tear gas is considered a non-lethal chemical weapon, its effects can be damaging.
Tear gas is used both by the police for crowd control, and by individuals for self-defense. There are at least three types of tear gas one of which is the inflammatory agent, pepper spray, made from chili peppers mixed with a corn-like oil. Tear gas is not actually a gas at all. The active chemicals found in tear gas are solid at room temperature. Common compounds found in tear gas include chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS) and chloroacetophenone (CN), which are both known as mace.
The tear gas is an irritant launched in the form of grenades or aerosol cans to irritate mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs, and cause:
The effects are temporary. Discomfort from tear gas usually disappears after 5-30 minutes, while the worst discomfort may take up to two hours to subside. The effects diminish sooner with treatment. However, there were many incidents of people permanently losing their eye/s or eyesight during impact with tear gas canisters.
صورة حديثة للطالبين الذين تم اجراء عملية بتر لهما اثر انفجار عبوة بمبان.. pic.twitter.com/B1vPG0WT79 — ★مچ تبآآآآ★ (@MujtabaaMusaa) December 22, 2018
صورة حديثة للطالبين الذين تم اجراء عملية بتر لهما اثر انفجار عبوة بمبان.. pic.twitter.com/B1vPG0WT79
— ★مچ تبآآآآ★ (@MujtabaaMusaa) December 22, 2018
احدي ضحايا مليشيات النظام اصيبت بعبوة بمبان في عينها وسوف يتم إجراء عملية استئصال لعينها اليوم بمستشفي رويال كير#موكب_الشهداء29يناير #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/Cc4MyfBshN — Salma |سلمى🦋 (@salma99993) January 29, 2019
احدي ضحايا مليشيات النظام اصيبت بعبوة بمبان في عينها وسوف يتم إجراء عملية استئصال لعينها اليوم بمستشفي رويال كير#موكب_الشهداء29يناير #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/Cc4MyfBshN
— Salma |سلمى🦋 (@salma99993) January 29, 2019
رموز الجسارة والصمود✌️ بكري و مصري بمبان بتر الكفين ولم يبتر الارادة في 20ديسمبر بجامعة الخرطوم سامح واماني بمبان اقتلع الاعين ولم يهز اليقين #البوم_الثورة_السودانية pic.twitter.com/BcSPSBUxAl — Toto (@TahanySiddiq) January 31, 2019
رموز الجسارة والصمود✌️
بكري و مصري بمبان بتر الكفين ولم يبتر الارادة في 20ديسمبر بجامعة الخرطوم
سامح واماني بمبان اقتلع الاعين ولم يهز اليقين #البوم_الثورة_السودانية pic.twitter.com/BcSPSBUxAl
— Toto (@TahanySiddiq) January 31, 2019
One of the most shared images of the Sudan uprising is of Sameh, who lost his right eye during protests in Burri, Khartoum. The dark story turns romantic when his a’agid, the religious ceremony where the groom and bride agree to become husband and wife, took place in his hospital bed at Royal Care Hospital.
قبل ٣ اسابيع سامح خطب الجوهره، قبل ٥ايام في مظاهرات بري سامح فقد عينو اليمين نتيجة ارتداد عبوة بمبان، الليله سامح عقد في المستشفى. 3 weeks ago They got engaged , 5 days ago he lost his right eye in burri protests, today they are officially married. In hospital #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/d1h60EOq0E — The Omaar (@khawad22) 22 January 2019
قبل ٣ اسابيع سامح خطب الجوهره، قبل ٥ايام في مظاهرات بري سامح فقد عينو اليمين نتيجة ارتداد عبوة بمبان، الليله سامح عقد في المستشفى. 3 weeks ago They got engaged , 5 days ago he lost his right eye in burri protests, today they are officially married. In hospital #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/d1h60EOq0E
— The Omaar (@khawad22) 22 January 2019
Another one of most shared images on social media was of Mohamed Salih Adil who lost his hand during one of earliest protests of the Sudan uprising in Khartoum in December 2018 when a tear gas canister exploded in his hand when he attempted to lift it up and keep it away from other protesters. He recently resurfaced when he returned to protest on 24 January, carried by another protester.
HIS MESSAGE TO US 😍😍😍😍😍😍 ” you dont have any Excuse to stay home ” #موكب24يناير pic.twitter.com/eVWbT8TbpW — 3 0 M E R ㋡ (@30MAR__) January 24, 2019
HIS MESSAGE TO US 😍😍😍😍😍😍 ” you dont have any Excuse to stay home ” #موكب24يناير pic.twitter.com/eVWbT8TbpW
— 3 0 M E R ㋡ (@30MAR__) January 24, 2019
Others have taken to social media to warn protesters not to attempt to capture tear gas canisters as to not lose their hands.
يا جماعة ما تشيلو البمبان بيدكم الشرطة بقت بترمي قنابل صوتية وذخائر والناس بتشيل ع اساس بمبان وفي كم شاب فقدو يدينهم — كارلوســ دمنقو (@MonzerBadr_) December 20, 2018
يا جماعة ما تشيلو البمبان بيدكم الشرطة بقت بترمي قنابل صوتية وذخائر والناس بتشيل ع اساس بمبان وفي كم شاب فقدو يدينهم
— كارلوســ دمنقو (@MonzerBadr_) December 20, 2018
There are reports of police forces firing tear gas into universities, homes and even hospitals and funerals.
الحكومه دي بترمي بمبان داخل الأحياء داخل البيوت،، رمو لينا بمبان في بيتنا، واخوني الصغار الاتنين كانو بره و عندهم ازمه، ابوي دخل جوه الدخان ده يطلعهم، الخرطوم /امتداد ناصر#مدن_السودان_تنتفض #جمعة_الشهداء pic.twitter.com/e4w0CNpMcx — linaNabil♥️ (@lina__Nabil) December 28, 2018
الحكومه دي بترمي بمبان داخل الأحياء داخل البيوت،، رمو لينا بمبان في بيتنا، واخوني الصغار الاتنين كانو بره و عندهم ازمه، ابوي دخل جوه الدخان ده يطلعهم، الخرطوم /امتداد ناصر#مدن_السودان_تنتفض #جمعة_الشهداء pic.twitter.com/e4w0CNpMcx
— linaNabil♥️ (@lina__Nabil) December 28, 2018
The police doesn’t hesitate to fire tear gas inside homes to prevent residents from assisting protesters #SudanUprising #SudanRevolts #موكب9يناير #مدن_السودان_تنتفض pic.twitter.com/jr2YLjTBnc — Ashraf El-Ga’aly (@dardachat) January 9, 2019
The police doesn’t hesitate to fire tear gas inside homes to prevent residents from assisting protesters #SudanUprising #SudanRevolts #موكب9يناير #مدن_السودان_تنتفض pic.twitter.com/jr2YLjTBnc
— Ashraf El-Ga’aly (@dardachat) January 9, 2019
This video was taken yesterday, when the security forces threw gas tears INSIDE Omdurman hospital . #HumanRightViolation #SudanUprsing #موكب9يناير #مدن_السودان_تنتفض #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/PdCFghCIRg — مريم (@mariammusta) January 10, 2019
This video was taken yesterday, when the security forces threw gas tears INSIDE Omdurman hospital . #HumanRightViolation #SudanUprsing #موكب9يناير #مدن_السودان_تنتفض #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/PdCFghCIRg
— مريم (@mariammusta) January 10, 2019
اصابة طلابب عددهم كثير بسبب البمبان واعتقال ٣ واكثر من ٥ بمبان ورصاص حي غير المحاولة في دخول الجامعة 🤘🏽. pic.twitter.com/xz1aR9WX56 — نـوف 🌻. (@Noufxjxi) 24 January 2019
اصابة طلابب عددهم كثير بسبب البمبان واعتقال ٣ واكثر من ٥ بمبان ورصاص حي غير المحاولة في دخول الجامعة 🤘🏽. pic.twitter.com/xz1aR9WX56
— نـوف 🌻. (@Noufxjxi) 24 January 2019
سحابة بمبان المكان الثورة ميدان المولد الحارة الثامنه#مدن_السودان_تنتفض #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/PJJUQw3CxL — seraj omer (@Serjyooo) 28 January 2019
سحابة بمبان المكان الثورة ميدان المولد الحارة الثامنه#مدن_السودان_تنتفض #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/PJJUQw3CxL
— seraj omer (@Serjyooo) 28 January 2019
ملخص ما حدث في اعتصام الثورة الحارة الثامنة 27/يناير قذف اكتر من 80 عبوة بمبان #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/BLvKnW21PR — تسقط بس 💪🏿 (@3ara8i) 27 January 2019
ملخص ما حدث في اعتصام الثورة الحارة الثامنة 27/يناير قذف اكتر من 80 عبوة بمبان #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/BLvKnW21PR
— تسقط بس 💪🏿 (@3ara8i) 27 January 2019
As protection from tear gas, protesters have been covering their faces with clothing or cloth-based masks. If protesters have been affected by tear gas, they use liquid solutions which consist of a mixture of vinegar, yeast and water. Some have also used Pepsi.
في انتظار الثوار 💙💛💚 #موكب20يناير #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/9u3JVSoDFt — سمرمرمرمر🇸🇩 (@SamarBengawi) January 20, 2019
في انتظار الثوار 💙💛💚 #موكب20يناير #تسقط_بس pic.twitter.com/9u3JVSoDFt
— سمرمرمرمر🇸🇩 (@SamarBengawi) January 20, 2019
Prior to protesting, you should:
When exposed to tear gas, you should:
A solution of half liquid antacid and half water is recommended for the eyes and mouth.
For the skin, canola oil followed by alcohol is recommended. Vigorously wipe contaminated skin with a cloth, rag or sponge saturated with canola oil. Then immediately rub with alcohol.
Other remedies can include lime fruit juice, vinegar or water-soaked bandanas to help protect you or lessen irritation of tear gas. Carrying an onion on you can also help.
There are many ways to reduce effects of tear gas when exposed. Educate yourself about tear gas before you go out protesting!
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